5 factors affecting political participation

With so many elections, people can become overwhelmed, confused, or just plain tired of voting. This study aims to identify the factors affecting the political participation of Jordanian university students, especially their voting in national and local elections. Still, many people do not vote regularly. They represented all segments of society: Al-Al Bayt University, which is located in the northern region of Jordan (14 colleges, 7,434 males and 9,809 females), the Jordanian University, which is located in the central region of Jordan (20 colleges, 12,716 males and 25086 females), the Mu'tah University, which is located in the southern region of Jordan (19 colleges, 7,614 males, Female 7,172). The process of democratization in Jordan began in 1989. Serving on a local governing or school board, volunteering in the community, and running for office are forms of participation that require significant time and energy. Forty-nine percent of the voting-age public cast a ballot in the 1924 presidential contest, the same percentage as in 1996. No other political activity allows the opinions of more people to be represented than voting. It can be concluded that: the more the regional affiliation varies, the more the voting in the elections differs in favor of the Jordanian students. More voters were mobilized during this period of political upheaval in which people focused on issues of race relations, social welfare, and the Vietnam War (Piven & Cloward, 2000). Based on the above, the present study examines the impact of (gender, age, family income, and regional affiliation) on the voting of the university student in elections, because of the reluctance of Jordanian university students to vote in elections. Image Guidelines 5. Bernstein, A.G. (2005), Gendered characteristics of political engagement in college students, Journal of Sex Roles, Vol. Before publishing your articles on this site, please read the following pages: 1. The main reason for voting in the elections according to age was practicing the constitutional right. with (45.1 per cent) for the age group (18 less than 23) and (24.8 per cent) for the age group (23 less than 30). Race relations in Los Angeles in 1991 were strained. Members may engage in lobbying efforts and take part in demonstrations to publicize their concerns. They can create and post videos on behalf of or opposed to candidates. The limited participation of youth in the political parties' bodies and in civil society institutions was one of the most prominent features that accompanied the democratic process in Jordan since the promulgation of the Parties Law in 1992. Such factors are political exposure, political efficacy, education, income, gender, political interest, political culture, political parties, and religious beliefs. Political participation is the knowledge and behavior involved in political activities (Bernstein, 2005, p. 299). In addition, there are political factors which lead to marginalize students participating in the political sphere. Moreover, after the Arab revolutions in late 2010 and early 2011, and Jordanian peaceful demonstrations and protests, the political leadership allowed more constitutional and legal amendments, which strengthened the political participation of all segments of people including Jordanian young people, particularly women (Mohammad, 2017, p. 2). 1 / 19. Globalization has influenced American politics by increasing the extent to which the United States influences, and is influenced by, the values of other countries. The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode. Another study asserted that there is a reluctance from young people to participate in voting, joining political parties and contributing to political campaigns (Homana, 2018, p. 40). New media offer additional opportunities for people to engage in campaigns. Every day, millions of people voice their opinions to members of Congress. The outcome of such a participation results in collective gain. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. The United States holds a large number of elections, and each is governed by specific rules and schedules. 1, pp. Democrat Barack Obama, the first African American to be nominated by a major party, generated enthusiasm, especially among young people. Thus, the ratio of voting in the elections differed according to the difference between poor and rich people, where the ratio of voters who have wealth and enjoy social welfare is high. It deepens the political awareness and increases the sense of political effectiveness. The commission prepare electoral rolls and update the voters list from time to time. (2012), Jordanian womens political participation: legislative status and structural challenges, European Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. The main reason for voting in the elections according to gender was practicing the constitutional right. with (49.5 per cent) for males and (20.4 per cent) for females. Despite the scope of leadership, Pentecostal church leaders show less propensity of political participation for unknown reasons, especially in African countries. Alelaimat, M.S. Modes of participation 7. Although its participants thought of them as political protests, the news media presentation rarely gave that point of view. In the USA, the participation of the youth in elections is very low. Turnout was 55 percent in 2004 and 57 percent in 2008, when 132,618,580 people went to the polls (McDonald). Jurors were shown the entire tape, not just the famous nineteen-second clip. 3, pp. The directive to write your member of Congress is taken seriously by increasing numbers of citizens: legislators e-mail boxes are filled daily, and millions of letters are processed by the Capitol Hill post offices. The following video is the CNN News Report on the Los Angeles Riots, including Rodney Kings appeal to stop the violence. A unique and special political act, voting allows for the views of more people to be represented than any other activity. Direct link to bhuiadna78's post What would happen if both, Posted a month ago. 102 No. A 2012 study from Harvard, Brown and the University of Missouri-Kansas City, The Impact of Race and Ethnicity, Immigration and Political Context on Participation in The United States is one of the few democracies that requires citizens to register themselves rather than having the government take responsibility for automatically registering them. Direct link to madison.rawlins25's post i dont know. The ratio of voting in the category (less than 500 dinar) was low, but, the ratio of voting for the other two categories was high. Gender and voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections, Age and voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections, Family income and voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections, Regional affiliation and voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections. In addition, ethnic diversity, different habits, incomes of people led to the difference in political participation. Political parties also have an important role to play in political participation. Dolan, K. (2011), Do women and men know different things? A significant aspect of the relation of the individual to his/her political environment is his/her exposure to the influence of propaganda. 3, pp. What do you think is the best way for you to advance those causes? Quantitative research method was used in this study. Moreover, it was known that in some countries, such as Jordan, Palestinian refugees have been granted the Jordanian nationality. Direct link to taylor512's post can these political belie, Posted 3 years ago. The politically aware are usually better able to relate their social values to their political opinions, to achieve stable, internally consistent belief systems. Not filmed at all was an intoxicated King driving erratically, leading police on an eight-mile, high-speed chase through crowded streets. Piven, F. F. and Richard A. Cloward, Why Americans Still Dont Vote (Boston: Beacon Press, 2000). People who have a strong sense of political efficacy, are Moreover, those with wealth and a high level of well-being within society were the most participants in voting and in practicing political activities. Tillian, O. The quantitative research was used in this study. Moreover, there was a family income gap in voting in national and local elections as low-income female students voting was low. Almost 70 percent of high school students and young adults aged eighteen to thirty report that they have been involved in community activities (Peter D. Hart Research Associates, 1998). How do individuals form their political beliefs? The reason for not choosing private universities was that they were limited to high-income students. It is assumed that there is a relation between the cognitive status of low self-esteem and feeling of pessimism and alienation from society and political apathy. They concluded that the sociopolitical interest of young females could help to overcome this problem, education could be one of the solutions, as political participation of females increases, when they are aware that political events would directly affect their lives. (2013), What does political mean to you?, Political Behavior, Vol. However,thereareotherswho This made them reluctant to vote in elections. Where youth participatory mechanisms fail to have a substantive impact, they may still have important symbolic or signaling features. Ross, M. (2008), Oil, Islam, and women, American Political Science Review, Vol. (1997) attributed that to the lack of political interest of the females. Afterward, law No. Over time, residency requirements were relaxed. 7 No. In addition to strengthening the participation of young people, especially university students participating in voting and community participation (Jordanian constitution, articles 6, 16, 17, 18, and the election law No. At least ten states prohibit former felons from voting even after they have served their time. Only a small number of people, generally under one-quarter of those eligible, participate in local, county, and state elections. In addition to traditional forms of campaign activity, like attending campaign rallies and displaying yard signs, the Internet provided a gateway to involvement for 55 percent of Americans (Owen, 2009). Some of the factors considered in the examination of data from the 2010 AmericasBarometer survey by LAPOP include wealth, age, sex and educational level. The study relied on a purposive sample of 900 students, 300 students per university (150 males and 150 females). The composition of the electorate has changed radically throughout American history. Psychological or cognitive traits:. Cohen, C.J. 2. Content Filtrations 6. Voters in midterm elections choose all the members of the US House of Representatives and one-third of the Senate, along with office holders at the state and local levels. Political participation in Jordan is the practice of citizens for their right to influence the political decision, by running for elected councils such as the chamber of deputies, the Council of Trade Unions, the municipal councils and administrative bodies in civil society organizations, as well as voting in elections, whether they were parliamentary or local elections. (2003), Not all cues are created equal: the conditional impact of female candidates on political engagement, Journal of Politics, Vol. WebFactors influencing women political participation: The case of the SADC region. Voter registration also has been assisted by online registration. (1997), Knowing and caring about politics: gender and political engagement, The Journal of Politics, Vol. 1, pp. 65 No. The second is related the voting in elections, Reason for voting and reason for not voting as the study relied on the literature review to prepare the questionnaire. In addition, it does not discriminate between Jordanians and Jordanians of Palestinian origin (Palestinian refugees who were granted the Jordanian nationality in 1947 or 1967), where the law gave them the right to vote without discrimination (Article 3). This was due to many reasons, such as womens political alienation and their belief that their ability to make a political change is still weak, etc. Midterm elections, in which members of Congress run for office in nonpresidential-election years, normally draw about one-third of eligible voters (Rosenstone & Hansen, 1993). Kang, A. Women turnout during Indias 2014 parliamentary general elections was 65.63%, compared to 67.09% turnout for men. RTV registered over 2 million new voters in 1992, 80 percent of whom cast a ballot, and signed up over 2.5 million voters in 2008. The reason for the low voting ratio of the Palestinians in Jordan was due to the fact that they saw the candidates inefficiency. the individual needs money to be able to participate in political activities. For example, running for mayor of New York City requires 7,500 signatures and addresses on a petition. Verba, S., Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady, Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995). After Arab Spring revolutions had broken out in the late 2010s, peaceful demonstrations and protests began in Jordan. In March 1991, KTLA News at Ten in Los Angeles interrupted programming to broadcast an eighty-one-second amateur videotape of several police officers savagely beating black motorist Rodney King as he stood next to his vehicle. TOS 7. So, the voting was in favor of male students. 2 No. 89 No. There is no consensus among scholars whether to include in its definition illegal as well as legal activity, unsuccessful and successful attempts of influence and involuntary as well as voluntary action. Prohibited Content 3. 4, pp. The study concluded that the gender, age, family income and regional affiliation factors affect the voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections. Rakka twin peaks and voter registration CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. One learns here to join in an organization, fulfill duties, participate in meetings, discuss social issues and organize to achieve group goals. This is a problem problematic because one-third of the Jordanian people are young people (Jordanian Annual Statistical Report, 2018, p.7). The present study focuses on money (income). In addition, they did not have Political orientation, and they did not care about party or civil society activities. Riots can result in destruction of property, looting, physical harm, and even death. WebThe aim of the study was to establish factors affecting youth participation in political governance in Ndirande Township in Blantyre, Malawi. Turnout varies significantly across localities. Psychological or cognitive traits 2. 1051-1072. Civil society depends on social networks, based on trust and goodwill, that form between friends and associates and allow them to work together to achieve common goals. Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE), Young Voters in the 2010 Elections, http://www.civicyouth.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/2010-Exit-Poll-FS-Nov-17-Update.pdf. Fourth: The more the regional affiliation varies, the more the voting in the elections differs in favor of the Jordanian students, as there were differences in the students voting ratio in the national and local elections according to regional affiliation. Extensive e-mail listservs keep protestors and sympathizers in contact between demonstrations. The United States Election Project provides information about voter turnout in presidential campaigns. In contrast, the voting of the female students was (33.8 per cent). The protesters demanded many political and economic reforms. Potential candidates for public office must gather signatures on a petition before their names can appear on the ballot. Racial tensions sparked by a video of police beating Rodney King in 1991 and the subsequent acquittal of the officers at trial resulted in the worst riots ever experienced in Los Angeles. Turnout figures can be skewed by undercounting the vote. Wolfinger, R. E. and Steven J. Rosenstone, Who Votes? Mohammad Soud Alelaimat can be contacted at: https://doi.org/10.1108/REPS-05-2019-0072, http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode. Political (1995), Beyond SES: a resource model of political participation, American Political Science Review, Vol. 46 No. Levels of political interest and apathy have often been taken as criteria of participation and non-participation, including party membership, expressed interest in politics and awareness of issues. Based on the above: Palmer and Simon (2008) pointed out that difference of regions within the same country affected the political participation of the inhabitants of these regions. The ratio of participation varied among different age groups, such as young, adults and older people. 107-123. People can vote for representatives, who make policies that will determine how much they have to pay in taxes and who will benefit from social programs. of relevant theory and empirical research that provide insight related to the factors that cause voting behavior and their relations. Some are directly associated with the electoral sub-system and some are with other political activities. By involving people in the affairs of the state, participation promotes stability and order in the system. People can take part in social movements in which large groups of individuals with shared goals work together to influence government policies. Owen, D., The Campaign and the Media, in The American Elections of 2008, ed. In addition, unemployment high rate of female makes them reluctant to vote in elections (Roth and Saunders, 2019, p. 574). As one would expect, those with higher levels of education and income are the most likely to contribute. It can be concluded that marginalization of women in the past, and the denial of their right to vote for political and social reasons, made women feel alienation within the society and they were unequal to men. Lipsky, M., Protest as a Political Resource, American Political Science Review, December 1968, 1145. Organizations with the goal of promoting civic action on behalf of particular causes, or single-issue groups, have proliferated. The social environment definitely has an impact on political participation. 53 No. In contrast, poor or lowincome families are reluctant to vote as they suffer from accessing basic services, proper education and health care. (2004), Politics of presence: women in the house and symbolic representation, Political Research Quarterly, Vol. 571-589. A large majority of people who have registered to vote participate in presidential elections. Specifically, it sought how culture, trust in governance institutions and civic education affect youth participation in political governance in Blantyre, Malawi. 560-568. Based on the above: Pyeatt and Yanus (2018), Palmer and Simon (2008) indicated that the difference in family income affected political participation. Cf. Still, e-mail may not be the most effective way of getting a message across because office holders believe that an e-mail message takes less time, effort, and thought than a traditional letter. What is the probability of the child becoming a strong democrat or strong republican? These characteristics influence how Registered voters meet eligibility requirements and have filed the necessary paperwork that permits them to vote in a given locality. They can take part in groups or organizational activity to deal with social and political problems. Moreover, in 2016 further amendments were conducted. The race was open, as there was no incumbent candidate, and voters felt they had an opportunity to make a difference. People have many options for engaging in politics. When we define political behaviour in such broad terms as any form of (individual or collective) involvement in the political process, or any activity which has political consequences in relation to government and policy, then naturally both legitimate forms of political participation (such as voting in elections, activism in interest groups, or social movements) and illegitimate political activities (including terrorism, revolutions and coups detat) come under its purview. Symbolic acts are not always supportive of the political system. A questionnaire reviewed by two jurors (peer reviewers) was used to collect the data. If so, you are taking part in civil society, the community of individuals who volunteer and work cooperatively outside of formal governmental institutions (Eberly, 1998). 1-16. Direct mail appeals by single-issue groups for contributions aimed especially at more affluent Americans are targeted methods of mobilizing people. In 1993, Congress passed the National Voter Registration Act, also known as the motor voter law, allowing citizens to register at motor vehicle and social service offices. However, young people participation in voting remained low (Dababneh, 2012, p. 215). Brady et al. Voter registration and turnout is influenced by legal and structural factors, voter qualifications, the type of election, and voters enthusiasm about a particular campaign. CBS News Report on the Rodney King Incident. Every citizen gets one vote that counts equally. 299-310. Three factors seem to affect political participation among Native Americans a history of violent conflict and deep distrust of federal, state, and local actors 4. (1997), Womens engagement in politics in the year of the woman, American Politics Quarterly, Vol. Social, cultural, and economic factors can keep people from voting. (2011), Studying gender in US politics: where do we go from here?, Politics and Gender, Vol. They pointed out that the political participation of females has always been less than males. People salute the flag and recite the pledge of allegiance at the beginning of a school day, and they sing the national anthem at sporting events. Lawless and Fox (2001) and Cohen and Dawson (1993) linked between income levels (wealth, social well-being, money and economic development) and political participation.

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