puma punku map

In addition, some of the stones were held together with copper fasteners, some of which were cold hammered into shape, and others that were poured into place molten.. Based on the specific gravity of the red sandstone from which it was carved, this stone slab is estimated to weigh 131 tonnes (144 short tons). Puma Punku is a Pre-Columbian archaeological site in Bolivia that is steeped in wonder and mystery. [3][5], Archaeologists dispute the transport of these stones was by the large labor force of ancient Tiwanaku. Top Image: Megalithic cut stones at the Puma Punku archaeological site, Tiwanaku, Bolivia. The mummies of Puma Punku, preserved on one of the Tiwanakus most sacred sites, provide evidence that all members of society from infants to the elderly regularly used psychoactive, hallucinogenic plants. Posnansky, who worked at the site for decades, estimated that Puma Punku was far older than academics surmised. The architectural historian Jean-Pierre Protzen from University of California, Berkeley states that in the past it often has been argued that among the buildings at Ollantaytambo the monumental structures (e. g. the Wall of the six monoliths) were the work of the earlier Tiwanaku culture and have been reused by the Incas: An argument persists that the Wall of the six monoliths and the vanished structures from which the blocks have been recycled predate the Incas and were work of the earlier Tiahuanaco culture. Archeologists have theorized that this was perhaps a requisite part of spiritual life, meant to transform the experience of the temple into something life-changing and mystical. The second is simpler: we just weren't looking for them. Visitors still marvel at the geometric wonders of the matching H-shaped blocks with approximately 80 faces placed in a row, and the precise cuts and the regularity of the stones suggesting prefabrication and mass production were employed. Spanish Conquistadors and others who visited the site during the 16th and 17th centuries described it as a wondrous, though unfinished, building with gateways and windows carved from single blocks., Pumapunku displayed a level of craftsmanship that was largely unparalleled in the pre-Columbian New World, and its often considered the architectural peak of Andean lithic technology prior to the arrival of the Europeans. Posnansky, who worked at the site for decades, estimated that Puma Punku was far older than academics surmised. The megaliths are among the largest on earth, with some weighing several tons. Treasure hunters, too, have harvested many of the sites relics: rare metal ornaments, bright jewelry, and colorful potsherds. + Upload your own .pgn files to your database. It is known by archeological evidence that civilizations rise and fall for many reasons. (2018) El misterio de Puma Punku. Amarilo. Anyone interested in the history of warfare or weaponry should make sure to look at ancient Egyptian weapons and how the Egyptian armies utilized their technological superiority. An Inspirational Courtesans Tale, Was Anne of Cleves Too Ugly for King Henry VIII? How the material arrived at the site is also a matter of debate but many experts believe that the stones were generally shipped across the lake in reed boats and then dragged overland by the large Tiwanaku workforce to reach the site. [54] Vranich notes that generations of amateur, fringe and pseudo-archeologist claimed that the "apparent geometric perfection of Tiwanaku architecture" is a result of extraterrestrial intervention or a lost super civilization instead attributing the ruins to the inhabitants of the Titicaca basin. Different jobs were associated with different degrees of prestige. Pumapunku or Puma Punku (Aymara and Quechua which literally means 'Gate of the Puma') is a 6th-century T-shaped and strategically aligned man-made terraced platform mound with a sunken court and monumental structure on top that is part of the Pumapunku complex, at the Tiwanaku Site near Tiwanacu, in western Bolivia. Unfortunately, weather isnt the only factor that has harmed the site. The purpose of the enormous structures has yet to be explained. Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu Wants to Clone Scythian Army, Possible Million-Year-Old Tools Unearthed in Sudan Could Change Human History, Archeologists Puzzled by Hundreds of Egyptian Tombs from Pre-Dynastic Era, Ancient Cave Painters Starved Themselves of Oxygen to Hallucinate, The Zone of Silence: An Ancient Mystery of Old Mexico, The Legend of Crystal Skulls Emerges From the Mayan Jungle. Is it a stretch to suggest that a form of cement could have been formed and finished in the making of these stones? 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We seek to retell the story of our beginnings. And it would have been filled with people. He points out that the Greek Parthenon was built a thousand years before Puma Punku, and yet nobody invokes aliens as the only explanation for its great beauty and decorative detailing that more than rivals Pumapunkus angles and cuts.. Examinations of hair samples exhibit remnants of psychoactive substances in many mummies found in Tiwanaku culture from Northern Chile, including babies as young as one year of age, demonstrating the importance of these substances to the Tiwanaku. Built over 800 years ago from massive basalt rocks, this lost city is nestled in the dense jungle and mangroves. Have you ever wondered what it would be like to live in ancient Greece? This structure consists of a stone terrace 6.8 by 38.7 metres (22 by 127 feet) in dimension. C14, calibrated date). On the northeast and southeast corners of the Pumapunku, it has 20-metre (66-foot) wide projections extending 27.6 metres (91 feet) north and south from the rectangular mound. If these statues are former rulers of the region, how do the co-called mainstream archaeologists explain the statues and with full heavy beards? By bringing together top experts and authors, this archaeology website explores lost civilizations, examines sacred writings, tours ancient places, investigates ancient discoveries and questions mysterious happenings. Several stones have been repurposed for other construction projects, and scholars also believe that many pieces of jewelry, ornaments, metal artifacts, and bright potsherds have been dug up and removed. The blocks were fit together like a puzzle, forming load-bearing joints. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}163342S 684048W / 16.56169S 68.67993W / -16.56169; -68.67993. For a time, the stone portraits found at Tiwanaku were believed to depict those first humans. The dead were often mummified, and occasionally bones show evidence of heavy cuts and scratch marks suggesting defleshing with sharp tools may have been a regular part of Tiwanaku burial practices. Historic photograph of the architecture on the east side of the Pumapunku platform taken by Max Uhle in 1893 Full size image There are two basic elements of this structure: sandstone slabs that served as the foundation, and andesite blocks that were superstructure. Many of them had similar myths and architectural styles that hint strongly at having common roots, something which has long puzzled archeologists. She is the Chief Editor of Ancient Origins Magazine. Both of these stone blocks are part of the Plataforma Ltica, and are red sandstone. [12][18] The unique copper-arsenic-nickel bronze alloy is also found in metal artifacts within the region between Tiwanaku and San Pedro de Atacama during the late Middle Horizon around 600900. After Akapana, which is believed to be "Pumapunku's twin", Pumapunku was the second most important construction in Tiwanaku. Step into the past and uncover the mysteries of Micronesias Nan Madol, one of the most ancient and enigmatic lost cities in the world. In assembling the walls of Pumapunku, each stone interlocked with the surrounding stones. (99) The maps in question are preserved in the "Institute Tihuanacu de Antropologa, Etnologa y Prehistoria", La Paz, Miraflores, Calle Pinilla 556, founded by the author in the year 1914 with his own funds and without the aid of governments, institutions, or private individuals. Even the Mayans state the world had been destroyed and rebuilt seven (?) The Pumapunku complex is an alignment of plazas and ramps centered on the Pumapunku platform mound. Current understanding of this complex is limited due to its age, the lack of a written record, and the current deteriorated state of the structures due to treasure hunting, looting, stone mining for building stone and railroad ballast, and natural weathering. [44] Early visitors who saw standing architecture at Tiwanaku reported about stones which resemble "straw": [] [T]he roof of the hall, on the outside, looks like straw, although it is of stone. All we have to go on are the magnificent stones that remain. Available at: https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4202, Newman, H. (2018) New Discoveries at Tiwanaku & Puma Punku: The Lost Statue of Viracocha and Secret Rooms of Hidden Artifacts. Ancient Origins. In western Bolivia, a dramatic collection of stones, the remains of a vast temple complex, stand guard over an arid plane. . Though its clear the writing is in the roman alphabet, its meaning remains indecipherable. Along the side of Yanmen Shan mountain, located twenty kilometers to the east of Nanjing, China, the legendary Yangshan quarry can be found. The technical finesse and precision displayed in these stone blocks is astounding. Until recently, due to the condition and placement of so many stones laid strewn across the landscape, there was really no way of seeing what Puma Punku may have looked like during its peak. These excavation trenches also demonstrated the lack of any pre-Andean Middle Horizon cultural deposits within the area of the Tiwanaku Site adjacent to the Pumapunku complex. Ecolodge Puma Punku is situated nearby to Embarcadero de Pilcu and Pilko Kaina. The Puma Punku measures roughly 548 feet long on its north-south axis and 381 feet wide on its east-west axis. [27], There also exist miniature gateways at Pumapunku which are perfect replicas of once standing monumental full-sized gateways. This remains true for both academic archaeologists and historians as well as rogue historians who investigate the hypothesis of advanced prehistoric civilizations or ancient assistance from extraterrestrials. Tiwanaku is significant in Inca traditions because it is believed to be the site where the world was created. Plague, one of the deadliest diseases in human history, has a haunting legacy of mass sickness and destruction. Puma Punku from the air (Author provided) Viracocha's Presence at Tiwanaku . Several conflicting theories attempt to imagine the ways this labor force transported the stones, although these theories remain speculative. Available at: https://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40494-018-0231-0. The Pumapunku complex is an alignment of plazas and ramps centered on the Pumapunku platform mound. [32] Some of these "model stones" like "little Pumapunku" are not isolates stones but, rather, seem to fit in the context of other stones and stone fragments. [51] The archeologist Jeb J. Aneeka of Temmer - Puma Punku, Machu Picchu and more - Extraterrestrial Bases. Visual History Online-Nachschlagewerk fr die historische Bildforschung: "Palaces and Politics in the Andean Middle Horizon", "The secrets of Tiwanaku, revealed by a drone", Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, "Drugs Found in Hair of Ancient Andean Mummies", "Reckoning with the Popular Uptake of Alien Archaeology", Interactive Archaeological Investigation at Pumapunku Temple, "Skeptoid #202: The Non-Mystery of Puma Punku", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pumapunku&oldid=1152279530, an alignment of plazas and ramps centered on a man-made terraced platform mound with a sunken court and monumental complex on top, sifted and layered soils (mound), andesite (superstructure), sandstone (foundation and internal channels), ternary CuAsNi bronze alloy (cramps), mortar of lime and sand with ground-up malachite (turquoise green plaster floor), clay (red floor), This page was last edited on 29 April 2023, at 07:51. This layer was deposited during the first of three construction epochs and dates the initial construction of the Puma Punku at 1510 25 B.P. It remains to be shown whether their forays into other dimensions offered these early people a special insight into how to create their megaliths or even how to contact beings who could teach them advanced methodologies. [39][40] Some authors believe, because of certain markings on stones found at Puma Punku, the Gate of the Sun was part of Puma Punku. Available at: https://allthatsinteresting.com/pumapunku, Peque, J.M. Pumapunku was a large earthen platform mound with three levels of stone retaining walls. It was once an earthen mound with carved red sandstone walls that would have shone in the sun. By examining the ruins and their relationship to the stars, the archaeologist dated the ruins to be an astounding 15,000 years old. Why would it take them so damn long to come up with the transition from hunter/gatherers to agriculture/civilization only about 7000 years ago? | by Rufat Rassulov | Lessons from History | Medium 500 Apologies, but something went wrong on our end. If you look at them from above, they're simply squarish enclosures scattered about the area. Either way, when the Inca people reached the site in 1470 it was evident that Tiwanaku had been deserted for centuries. The concept of cataclysm is very common in almost all mythologies and religions. Today, Puma Punku is little more than an assortment of interesting weather-worn stone ruins at first glance, but scholars believe it was once a wonderous site for the Tiwanaku culture. Wikimedia CommonsWhat we have left today of Pumapunku. [] The sharp and precise 90 interior angles observed on various decorative motifs most likely were not made with hammerstones. Spanish Conquistadors and others who visited the site during the 16th and 17th centuries described it as a wondrous, though unfinished, building with gateways and windows carved from single blocks., Pumapunku displayed a level of craftsmanship that was largely unparalleled in the pre-Columbian New World, and its often considered the architectural peak of Andean lithic technology prior to the arrival of the Europeans. Inactive since the 1980s. [4][12], Notable features at Pumapunku are I-shaped architectural cramps, composed of a unique copper-arsenic-nickel bronze alloy. Puma punku was a terraced earthen mound originally faced with megalithic blocks, each weighing several tens of tons. [23], However, according to Protzen, in Ollantaytambo only T-shaped sockets are found,[24] whereas in Tiwanaku cramp sockets of a wide range of shapes L, T, double-T or , U, Y, Z and dimensions are found. It was his image they carved onto the Gateway of the Sun, a massive stone arch thought to have been part of Pumapunku before it was relocated to nearby Kalasasaya. It is little wonder that Puma Punku continues to draw in curious minds with so many unanswered questions and alternative theories available to understanding its origins and creation. Thoths Storm: New Evidence for Ancient Egyptians in Ireland? A link to reset your password has been sent to you. The name means "door of the puma," and as far as archaeologists know, Puma Punku was a thriving, ancient town originating somewhere around 500 and 600 C.E. Available at: https://www.ancient-origins.net/unexplained-phenomena/stonework-0011405, Vranich, A. The others include Akapana, Akapana East, Kalasasaya, Putuni, and the Semi-Subterranean Temple. I-cramps of unknown composition were used to hold together the massive slabs forming Pumapunku's four large platforms. (2010) The Non-Mystery of Pumapunku. Skeptoid Podcast. There are varying reports on the weight of the largest stones ranging from 140 tons to 800 tons, with the larger number often provided by sources leaning towards alternative explanations on how the site was built. Then much later, the black-headed people came across the Bering and claimed the ruins and all the non-ferrous metals. The architecture found in the ruins astounds archaeologists and historians and has inspired advanced ancient civilization and ancient alien theories. [47], The Tiwanaku civilization and the use of these enclosures and platform mounds appears to peak from AD 700 to 1000, by which point, the city core and surrounding area could house 400,000 residents. The Significance of the Sacred Seal of Solomon and its Symbols, Homo Naledi: A Mysterious Extinct Human Species (Video), The Truth Behind the Christ Myth: Ancient Origins of the Often Used Legend Part I, The Incredible Odyssey of Mankind: Ape to Human in a Million Years (Video). February 18-28, 2019 - Join Brien & irene on this adventure through Mexico to discover evidence of ancient technology, lost cultures, and incredible sites. People who disagree with this later date often argue that the radiocarbon dating results provided by anthropology professor William H. Isbell of the University of Illinois are inaccurate and provide an unreliable date range. What is the origin of the legend of the Christed Son who was born of a virgin on December 25th? Overall, argues Dunning, Puma Punku may not be a fantastic feat too great for humankind. Tags: Andalusia. The name means door of the puma, and as far as archaeologists know, Puma Punku was a thriving, ancient town originating somewhere around 500 and 600 C.E. [19] Within Peru T-shaped sockets can also be found at the Qorikancha and Ollantaytambo. AtAncient Origins, we believe that one of the most important fields of knowledge we can pursue as human beings is our beginnings. Andalusia is home to excellent breeds, and has a host of stud farms for Arabian, Anglo-Arabian, Hispano-Arabian, English horses. Cleopatra, the last pharaoh of Egypt, is one of the most iconic figures in history.

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