which of the following was a progressive era reform

They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Second, in keeping with these new principles, progressives called for the reconstruction of American politics, hitherto dominated by localized parties, so that a more direct link was formed between government officials and public opinion. His successful efforts to broker the end of the Russo-Japanese War won him the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize. "Politics in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era." The Progressive Era (18961917) was a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States focused on defeating corruption, monopoly, waste and inefficiency. ", Karen M. Kaufmann, et al., "A Promise Fulfilled? "Democracy, Republicanism and Efficiency: The Values of American Politics, 18851930," in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger, eds, Johnston, Robert D. "Re-Democratizing the Progressive Era: The Politics of Progressive Era Political Historiography", Johnston, Robert D. "Influential Works About the Gilded Age and Progressive Era." Let's take a couple of moments to review what we've learned! Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Middle-class women formed local clubs, which after 1890 were coordinated by the General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC). Sandbrook, Dominic. The first factors involved the La Follette family going back and forth between trying to control of the Republican Party and if frustrated trying third-party activity especially in 1924 and the 1930s. ], While some Progressive leaders became reactionaries, that usually happened in the 1930s, not in the 1920s, as exemplified by William Randolph Hearst,[273] Herbert Hoover, Al Smith, and Henry Ford. Finally, in 1920, Iowa got woman suffrage with the rest of the country by the 19th amendment to the federal Constitution.[107]. This amendment enacted a federal income tax. During the 1880s, referendums were held at the state level to enact prohibition amendments. [4], To revitalize democracy, progressives established direct primary elections, direct election of senators (rather than by state legislatures), initiative and referendum,[5] and women's suffrage which was promoted to advance democracy and bring a "purer" female vote into the arena. Attacks by Tarbell and others helped pave the way for public acceptance of the breakup of the company by the Supreme Court in 1911. Americans were not allowed to make, sell, or transport alcohol. [89], Between 1901 and 1911, Progressive Republicans in Wisconsin created the nation's first comprehensive statewide primary election system,[90] the first effective workplace injury compensation law,[91] and the first state income tax,[92] making taxation proportional to actual earnings. ", Richard J. Ellis, "The Opportunist: James W. Sullivan and the Origins of the Initiative and Referendum in the United States.". Link, North Carolina: Change and Tradition in a Southern State (2009) pp. The hurriedly created over thirty new corporations to replace Standard, plus several in tobacco. [200] In combination with the racist attitudes of the time, there was a fear that large numbers of unskilled, low-paid workers would defeat the union's efforts to raise wages through collective bargaining. (1975). [76][77], Democrats who promoted progressive policies included George Earle Chamberlain (governor 19031909 and senator 19091921); Oswald West (governor 19111915); and Harry Lane (senator 19131917). in, Nancy C. Unger, "The Political Suicide of Robert M. La Follette: Public Disaster, Private Catharsis", Nancy C. Unger, "The Political Suicide of Robert M. La Follette: Public Disaster, Private Catharsis" Psychohistory Review 21#2 (1993) pp. [144] Reform projects were especially notable in rural areas, where the great majority of Southern blacks lived. He called for government ownership of railroads and electric utilities, cheap credit for farmers, stronger laws to help labor unions, and protections for civil liberties. Wilson proved especially effective in mobilizing public opinion behind tariff changes by denouncing corporate lobbyists, addressing Congress in person in highly dramatic fashion, and staging an elaborate ceremony when he signed the bill into law. When the Founding Fathers wrote the Constitution, they were afraid of putting too much power in the hands of uneducated voters. There were multiple progressive amendments. [130] While the social hygiene movement achieved considerable success in promoting public health and morality, its approach of criminalizing prostitution and promoting abstinence failed to address the underlying causes of these issues, such as poverty, economic inequality, and gender inequality. Progressives across the country influenced municipal governments of large urban cities, to build numerous parks where it was believed that leisure time for children and families could be spent in a healthy, wholesome environment, thereby fostering good morals and citizenship. He crusaded against Stalwart party bosses of the state Republican Party, and won voter approval in a referendum in 1904. The changes that the Progressive Era brought about were limited. [108], There were legal efforts to curtail the oil monopoly in the Midwest and South. Progressive reformers made the first comprehensive effort within the American context to address the problems that arose with the emergence of a modern urban and industrial society. This affected both the government and the public reformers. [179] Special efforts were made to reach the rural South and remote areas, such as the mountains of Appalachia and the Ozarks. This meant the state was not actually represented in the federal government! This attitude started to change during the depression of the 1890s when small business, farm, and labor movements began asking the government to intercede on their behalf. Ebner, Michael H., and Eugene M. Tobin, eds. In Illinois, Governor Frank Lowden undertook a major reorganization of state government. It might sound reasonable, but in reality, this was a problem for many Americans. [53], Herbert Croly was an intellectual leader of the movement as an editor, political philosopher and a co-founder of the magazine The New Republic. [278][279] William Link finds political Progressivism dominant in most of the South in the 1920s. [98][99], State leaders in reform included editor William Allen White, who reached a national audience, and Governor Walter R. Stubbs. He initially supported President Taft, but broke with Taft after the latter failed to push a reduction in tariff rates. The Wisconsin Idea was the commitment of the University of Wisconsin under President Charles R. Van Hise, with LaFollette support, to use the university's powerful intellectual resources to develop practical progressive reforms for the state and indeed for the nation. "Business Disunity and the Progressive Movement, 19011914,". The women's suffrage movement got its start in the 1840s with the Seneca Falls Convention led by suffragists like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. More generally the Social Gospel impulse was base on righteousness, typified by the wide influence of theologian Walter Rauschenbusch. The U.S. population nearly doubled between 1870 and 1900. Perhaps the most significant reflection of Progressive Era reforms comes from the Constitution. The 16th Amendment did away with apportionment and created a direct income tax based on how much money each person makes each year. The negative effects of industrialization triggered the political movement of progressivism, which aimed to address its negative consequences through social reform and government regulation. All of the following laid foundations for Progressivism EXCEPT: answer choices Prohibitionism Social Darwinism Populism COS, Social Gospel, and Settlement House Movements Question 4 30 seconds Q. [137] Within more engagements and marriages, both parties would exchange love notes as a way to express their sexual feelings. "[154] Progressive whites found a "loophole" to the 15th Amendment's prohibition of denying one the right to vote due to race through the grandfather clause. Millions of people flocked to cities to find jobs. Stivers, C. (2009). The book was published as a series of articles in McClure's Magazine from 1902 to 1904. As governor of New York he promoted a range of reforms. Roosevelt gave these journalists their nickname when he complained they were not being helpful by raking up too much muck. [245] Alternatively called home arts, the major curriculum reform in women's education was influenced by the publication of Treatise on Domestic Economy, written by Catherine Beecher in 1843. State leaders included Governor Charles B. Aycock, who led both the educational and the white supremacy crusades; diplomat Walter Hines Page; and educator Charles Duncan McIver. The ideology of the Commission was characterized by that of the Progressive Era, which strived against prostitution, alcoholism, social diseases, and poor sanitary conditions in major cities. Abolishing slavery B. One of the most significant reflections of change in the United States during this time is shown in the amendments, or changes made to the Constitution. It promoted expansion of the university through the UW-Extension system to reach all the state's farming communities. Explore the reasons for and results of the Progressive Era amendments. In the 1940s typically historians saw the Progressive Era as a prelude to the New Deal and dated it from 1901 (when Roosevelt became president) to the start of World War I in 1914 or 1917. Some was based on personalitiesespecially La Follette's style of violent personal attacks against other Progressives, and some was based on who should pay, with the division between farmers (who paid property taxes) and the urban element (which paid income taxes). Progressive Era reform aimed to do what was best for the community: the American people. Create your account. The Progressive Movement started in the 1870s and lasted to 1920. They also advocated for more stringent censorship of literature and entertainment deemed morally unacceptable. [177], As late as 1920, half the population lived in rural areas. The Court agreed in 1911 and ordered the Justice Department to draw up complete reorganization plans in six months. As membership grew it worked with other private organizations to petition the state legislature, which was not responsive. [242][243][244], A new field of study, the art and science of homemaking, emerged in the Progressive Era in an effort to feminize women's education in the United States. Solty, Ingar. Montezuma believed in self-determination for Native Americans, but also demanded that Indians be granted full citizenship and the same rights as other Americans. Reformers addressed problems including worker safety, child labor, voting rights, overcrowding of cities, sanitation, political corruption, alcohol corruption, and taxation. The states were at liberty to enforce prohibition or not, and most did not try. Maya has developed curriculum, learning experiences, and lesson plans for geography, ancient civilizations, US history, and government and civics. [153], One of the most impacting issues African Americans had to face during the Progressive Era was the right to vote. He wanted a city manager form of government in which outside experts would bring efficiency while elected officials would have little direct power, and bribery would not prevail. Different cities and states passed varying levels of reform, but the Progressive Era did impact change on the federal level. The Progressive Era Movement was a period of increased reform and activism that brought about political and social change. [31], A hallmark group of the Progressive Era, the middle class became the driving force behind much of the thought and reform that took place in this time. Prohibition was backed by the Methodists, Baptists, Congregationalists, Scandinavian Lutherans and other evangelical churches. Rather than condemn all drinking, the group focused attention on the saloon which was considered the ultimate symbol of public vice. On international work for social hygiene see Lou Antolihao, et al. Jack B. Rogers and Robert E. Blade, "The Great Ends of the Church: Two Perspectives". Christina Simmons, "African Americans and sexual victorianism in the social hygiene movement, 1910-40. Women were especially active through the WCTU in church activism, promoting prohibition, overseas missions, and local public schools. Johnson, Earl. [104] Under the guidance of Governor (19021908) and Senator (19081926) Albert Baird Cummins the "Iowa Idea" played a role in state and national reform. in. Palmer, pointing to leaders like George Norris, says, "It is worth noting that progressivism, whilst temporarily losing the political initiative, remained popular in many western states and made its presence felt in Washington during both the Harding and Coolidge presidencies. "Building a Progressive Coalition in Texas: The PopulistReform Democrat Rapprochement, 19001907. [235] The Anti-Saloon League which began in Ohio was formed in 1893, uniting activists from different religious groups. The AFL represented mainly skilled, white, native-born workers. [fact or opinion? Taft defeated Roosevelt for the 1912 Republican nomination and Roosevelt set up an entirely new Progressive Party. [35] Victorianism was pushed aside by the rise of progressivism. Croly's 1909 book The Promise of American Life looked to the constitutional liberalism as espoused by Alexander Hamilton, combined with the radical democracy of Thomas Jefferson. The NAWSA was the largest and most important suffrage organization in the United States, and was the primary promoter of women's right to vote. In foreign policy, he focused on Central America where he began construction of the Panama Canal. The federal decision together with the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 and the creation that years of the Federal Trade Commission largely de-escalated the antitrust rhetoric among progressives. Many labor unions, trade groups, and professional, civic, and religious associations were founded. Drastic changes in land ownership posed a major challenge to local elites, who would not accept it, nor would their peasant clients. La Follette won re-election in 1902 and 1904. [118], At the local level the new city manager system was designed by progressives to increase efficiency and reduce partisanship and avoid the bribery of elected local officials. [102][103], Iowa had a mixed record. The growth of old industries and the emergence of new ones, especially railroads, transformed American society and economy. "The National Progressive Republican League and the Elusive Quest for Progressive Unity.". Party leadersboth Democrats and Republicanswere seen as irresponsible bosses who did the bidding of special interests. However, many rejected the reform. They were dueling for control of the Republican Party and Roosevelt encouraged the Senate to impose amendments that significantly weakened the treaties. National Expansion and Reform, 1815 - 1880 Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861-1877 Rise of Industrial America, 1876-1900 Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929 Overview Automobiles in the Progressive and New Eras Along the Color Line Incorrect Answer(s) Finally, reformers demanded a revamping of governing institutions, so that the power of state legislatures and Congress would be subordinated to an independent executive powercity managers, governors, and a modern presidencythat could truly represent the national interest and tackle the new tasks of government required by changing social and economic conditions. [43] He had four major domestic priorities: the conservation of natural resources, banking reform, tariff reduction, and opening access to raw materials by breaking up Western mining trusts. in. Many reform movements started locally and gained national attention. [71], In the south, prohibition was high on the agenda but controversial. Reformers such as Taft believed landownership would turn unruly agrarians into loyal subjects. The 1906 federal Pure Food and Drug Act, which was pushed by drug companies and providers of medical services, removed from the market patent medicines that had never been scientifically tested. [269] Link's argument for continuity through the 1920s stimulated a historiography that found Progressivism to be a potent force. 1928 Election Candidates & Controversy | Who Won the Election of 1928? He promoted a strong army and navy and attacked pacifists who thought democracy at home and peace abroad was best served by keeping America weak. helped settle hundreds of industrial disputes and encouraged improvements in factory safety and the establishment of pensions for long-term workersMatch:AFLadvocated cooperation with corporate and political leaders to achieve workers' goalsMatch:AFLadvocated a workers' revolution that would seize the means of production and abolish the stateMatch:IWW, Chapter 18: The Progressive Era, 1900-1916, Inquisitive - Chapter 18: The Progressive Era, HDFS Human Development and Interventions Test, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Information Technology Project Management: Providing Measurable Organizational Value, Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management. "Prominent Women in the Progressive Era: A Study of Life Histories" (PhD dissertation, University of Illinois at Chicago ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1976. The federal government responded to Sinclair's book and the NeillReynolds Report with the new regulatory Food and Drug Administration. [29] The American Red Cross was reorganized and professionalized. Richard Jensen and Mark Friedberger, "Education and Social Structure: An Historical Study of Iowa, 18701930" (Chicago: Newberry Library, 1976, Ballard Campbell, "Economic Causes of Progressivism,", Vincent W. Howard, "Woodrow Wilson, The Press, and Presidential Leadership: Another Look at the Passage of the Underwood Tariff, 1913,", James C German Jr "The Taft administration and the Sherman Antitrust Act,", George W. Wickersham, "Recent Interpretation of the Sherman Act.". [289] Hoover himself had sharply moved to the right, and paid little attention to their liberal ideas. This movement was a time of reform in the United States. Place the following Progressive accomplishments in chronological order. [51], Gifford Pinchot was an American forester and politician. Allen F. Davis, "The social workers and the progressive party, 1912-1916. Documents. "The SheppardTowner act: Progressivism in the 1920s. Match the Progressive-era president to the event that occurred during his administration. [154] Actions such as these from whites of the Progressive Era are some of the many that tied into the Progressive goal, as historian Michael McGerr states, "to segregate society. Populism emerged earlier and came out of the farm community. Their explicit goal was to professionalize and make "scientific" the social sciences, especially history,[8] economics,[9] and political science. Write the problem in vertical form. [132], President Taft signed the March 4, 1913, bill (the last day of his presidency), establishing the Department of Labor as a Cabinet-level department, replacing the previous Department of Commerce and Labor. Originally, income tax (the amount of money the government takes from your salary) was based on your state's population. Significant changes enacted at the national levels included the imposition of an income tax with the Sixteenth Amendment, direct election of Senators with the Seventeenth Amendment, prohibition of alcohol with the Eighteenth Amendment, election reforms to stop corruption and fraud, and women's suffrage through the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. However, some former Populists changed their emphasis after 1900 and supported progressive reforms. They made it a point to also focus on family, education, and many other important aspects that still are enforced today. Economy and budget cutting was their formula. Welcome to Brainly! In particular, the mixing of black and white pleasure-seekers in "black-and-tan" clubs troubled Progressive reformers. In general, they accepted the concept of laissez-faire, a doctrine opposing government interference in the economy except to maintain law and order. A 1907 report to Secretary of War Taft provided a summary of what the American civil administration had achieved. Louisiana was the first state to introduce primaries in 1892, and by 1907, eleven Southern and border states had implemented statewide primaries. He is remembered for investigating corruption in municipal government in American cities and leftist values. [58], Ida Tarbell, a writer and lecturer, was one of the leading muckrakers and pioneered investigative journalism. Convinced that the bosses had stolen the nomination from him, Roosevelt led his followers out of the Republican convention. In their efforts to grapple with the challenges of industrialization, progressives championed three principal causes. Activists were mobilized by the highly effective Anti-Saloon League. In 1913, Congress passed the WebbKenyon Act, which forbade the transport of liquor into dry states. Page 73118.1. The Progressive movement was a political and social-reform movement that brought major changes to the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The American Association for Highway Improvement was organized in 1910. A. Above all else, the progressives sought to come to terms with the extreme concentration of wealth among a tiny elite and the enormous economic and political power of the giant trusts, which they saw as uncontrolled and irresponsible. [184][185], Numerous other programs were aimed at rural youth, including 4-H clubs,[186] Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts. Which of the following was a Progressive Era reform? [6] For many progressives this meant prohibition of alcoholic beverages. [18] Most of the muckrakers wrote nonfiction, but fictional exposs often had a major impact as well, such as those by Upton Sinclair. [201] In addition, rural Protestants distrusted the urban Catholic and Jewish immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, and on those grounds opposed immigration. Lillian Wald and Jane Addams, 1916. Many spent this leisure time at movie theaters. Let A\mathbf{A}A and B\mathbf{B}B be 333 \times 333 matrices with A=3|\mathbf{A}|=3A=3 and B=4|\mathbf{B}|=-4B=4. [136], Some activists demanded change, and questioned the old thinking regarding marriage and sexuality. Woodrow Wilson and William Jennings Bryan both saw themselves as 'Missionaries of Democracy', with the deliberate religious overtone. Many, though, were concerned with enforcing, not eradicating, racial segregation. ", Levy, David W., and Bruce Allen Murphy. But that dynamic growth also generated profound economic and social ills that challenged the decentralized form of republican government that characterized the United States. However he was defeated by former President Theodore Roosevelt, who had broken with his protg Taft in 1910. Immigrants were not for reform either, fearing that such a thing would Americanize their children. Rural residents also disagreed with the notion that farms needed to improve their efficiency, as they saw this goal as serving urban interests more than rural ones. Patterson took charge of the relief work and demonstrated in person the sort of business leaders he proposed. Weegy: "Red Scare" refers to the fear of communism in the USA during the 1920 s. Score 1 User: What name was given to journalism net focused on eye-catching stories, and not necessarily the truth Progressivism, on the other hand, was a later movement. Political machines also impacted the legitimacy of votes, which was one reason reformers vote for political change. [119], By the late 19th century urban and rural governments had systems in place for welfare to the poor and incapacitated. From 1909 to 1919, Congress passed four different amendments that changed the Constitution. In late 1917, Congress passed the Eighteenth Amendment; it was ratified in 1919 and took effect in January 1920. Reforms were spurred by the activities of such prominent figures as Jane Addams, Upton Sinclair, and President Theodore Roosevelt. The Society of American Indians, founded by Carlos Montezuma, focused on the plight of Native Americans and condemned federal intervention into the affairs of indigenous peoples. However, as soon as Roosevelt declared his candidacy, most of La Follette's supporters switched away. The institution of the initiative and referendums made it possible to pass laws without the involvement of the legislature, while the recall allowed for the removal of corrupt or under-performing officials, and the direct primary let people democratically nominate candidates, avoiding the professionally dominated conventions. Government officials responding to the needs of voters more readily. Labor unions such as the National Labor Union welcomed unskilled and skilled workers but did not admit Black workers and also advocated for limits on immigration. Progressives drew support from the middle class, and supporters included many lawyers, teachers, physicians, ministers, and business people.[13]. Updates? A number of political and social reforms of the era brought major changes to American government and civic and social life. The weakened economy and persistent federal deficits led to changes in fiscal policy, including the imposition of federal income taxes on businesses and individuals and the creation of the Federal Reserve System. 5802602. ", Theresa Ventura, "From Small Farms to Progressive Plantations: The Trajectory of Land Reform in the American Colonial Philippines, 19001916.

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