what is caligula most known for

Not the kind of man youd want to have absolute powerbut this is just the beginning of his cruel antics. One theory suggests epilepsy as the main cause of his headaches and that he was perhaps deathly afraid of impending seizures. Caligula built two lavish barges to be situated on lake Nemi. Also known as: Gaius Caesar, Gaius Caesar Germanicus. Caligula (12-41 C. E.) was the third emperor of Rome. He Banned Anyone From Talking About Goats Near Him, 9. The Roman Senate Tried To Have Him Removed From History, Emperor Caligula: 16 Facts About the Cruel Roman Emperor, Marble portrait bust of the emperor Gaius, known as Caligula. As a joke, Dando-Collins was sure to add. Some historians have posited that Caligula was simply insane, but do not pinpoint any specific condition. It was virtually impossible for senators to decipher how Caligula might react to any given matter. He had double standards, Dando-Collins reported. As befitting a gilded emperor, Caligula absolutely loved gold. Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus was born in 12 A.D., the third son of the renowned Roman general Germanicus and his wife, Agrippina the Elder. What is Caligula most known for? Then Caligula hit the scene, and things changed fast. Some historians believe he was poisoned, while others have staunchly contested this. Born Gaius Caesar, he became known as Caligula (Little Boot), a childhood nickname bestowed on him by the soldiers of his father, Germanicus Caesar, nephew and adoptive son of Tiberius. Caligula is most known for his cruelty and madness which he exhibited through the harsh taxes he levied on his citizens, the execution of senators whom he deemed untrustworthy, and other. The most famous story about Incitatus is that Incitatus made him a consul in the Incitatus.. Who made his horse a consul? Oddly enough, the people of ancient Rome were actually angry when Caligula was murdered. Caligula is also said to have literally declared himself a living god. What is Caligula most famous for? He often bragged that he once carried a dagger into Emperor Tiberiuss bedroom with the intention of killing him, avenging his mother and brothers. Introduction. He even claimed that his grandfather, Augustus, had an incestuous affair with his daughter, Julia the Elder. Tiberiuss son died, perhaps murdered by a political rival. Please submit feedback to contribute@factinate.com. If the Senate had gotten its way, Caligulas ruinous end would have been the end of the Roman Empire. The emperor sent him to live with his great-grandmother Livia. For centuries, the citizens of Lake Nemi knew that the sunken ships were there, but it wasnt until the era of Mussolini, when a ridiculous plan was finally hatched to locate the ships once and for all. He loved watching tortures and executions; and, disguised in wig and robe, abandoned himself nightly to the pleasures of feasting and scandalous living.. He completed construction on the Temple of Augustus and Pompeys theatre, he started work on an aqueduct to improve Romes water supply, and he built a majestic amphitheater. Although the Senate oversaw the destruction of his statues after his death, Caligulas colourful extravagance and brutality solidified his renown for more than two millennia. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), Fine Art Images/Heritage Images via Getty Images, https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-rome/caligula. The people of Rome had extremely high hopes for Caligulas rule. Growing up, Agrippina the Elder had a close relationship with her grandfather, the Emperor Augustus, who personally oversaw her education. The senators set about restoring the Roman Republic, but there was one glaring problem. As such, the troops took to calling him Caligula, which means little boots. We dont know if the men meant it affectionately or as an insult, but either way, Caligula apparently hated the nickname. The son of a great military leader, he escaped family intrigues to take the throne, but his personal and fiscal excesses led him to be the first Roman emperor to be assassinated. Ancient Origins - The Madness of Caligula: Romes Cruelest Emperor. When asked whether Richard Nixon or Dick Cheney would be apter leaders, the author disagreed and provided some context regarding the two figures. I am nursing a viper for the Roman people, he said. Caligula was born as Emperor Augustus lay dying. Known victims: Roman Emperor Claudius Britannicus. Criminals and slaves were often sacrificed to vicious beasts for entertainmentbut apparently that wasnt enough for someone as bloodthirsty as Caligula. With Malcolm McDowell as the eponymous emperor and Helen Mirren as his fourth wife Milonia Caesonia, the film doesnt shy away from depicting the kind of depravity legend had assigned to Caligula. Pubic DomainCaligula in a winged helmet and holding double-headed arrows before a military scene in the background, even though the emperor had no military experience. . Little boot Caligula and his sisters, however, were spared violent retribution as they did not appear to be immediate threats. While living as Tiberiuss guest, Caligula befriended Naevius Sutorius Macro, the head of the powerful Praetorian guard. What is Caligula most known for? Upon taking power, Claudius . Caligula was devastated by her death and had her declared a goddess, but thats as far as his devotion to her went, he concluded. He continued his childhood games of dress-up, donning strange clothing, womens shoes and lavish accessories and wigseager, according to his biographer Cassius Dio, to appear to be anything rather than a human being and an emperor., Caligulas profligacy was draining the Roman treasury faster than he could replenish it through taxes and extortion. Claudius wasted no time in executing the men who had killed his nephew, and the Empire continued on, finally rid of its most deranged ruler. She then starved herself to death while in prison, four years before her son Caligula came into power. Caligula is often remembered as a selfish and capricious ruler whose ineptitude weakened the Roman empire during his four-year reign. Eventually, Tiberius had her exiled, where she refused all food, eventually wasting away. But if you thought the rumors about Caligula were bad, you should hear the disturbing things we know for sure. He enjoyed watching executions and indulged in scandalous behavior at nightbut thats not even the worst part: Tiberius knew what kind of person his heir was, but named him all the same. The great-great grandson of Julius Caesar certainly left his mark by his possible madness and definitely horrific acts. Caligulas legendary parentage was part of why people loved him so muchbut the man himself felt a little differently. If he moved to Alexandria, Rome, and the people who lived there, would lose their political influence. Caligula was cold-blooded from the start. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. In the chilling days following Caligulas near-fatal illness, he had nearly every single one of his close family members executed. Icas94/De Agostini Picture Library via Getty ImagesCaligula give his horse Incitatus a drink during a banquet. Sources:1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, Truth Hurts: Binge-Worthy Stories About The Biggest Liars Of All Time, The Unforgettable Story Of Wu Zetian, China's Most Ruthless Empress, Im Done: These People Quit Their Bad Jobs And Toxic Relationships In Epic Ways, Lawyers Share Their Oh GOD Moments In Court, Over My Dead Body: These Outrageous Funerals Prove Drama Never Dies. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), https://www.history.com/news/7-things-you-may-not-know-about-caligula. But he literally wallowed in luxury, allegedly rolling around in piles of money and drinking precious pearls dissolved in vinegar. Even in those days Caligula could not control his natural brutality, Suetonius wrote. For most of his youth, Caligulas great-grandmother Livia shielded him from politicsbut a sudden tragedy changed all of that. Caligula is often remembered as a selfish and capricious ruler whose ineptitude weakened the Roman empire during his four-year reign. When Caligula came of age between 18 and 19 years old, Tiberius felt it necessary to garner the young mans loyalty. The Inspiring Story Of Joe Medicine Crow, The Plains War Chief Who Fought The Nazis During World War II, Robert Hansen: The Alaskan Serial Killer Who Hunted His Victims Like Animals, What Stephen Hawking Thinks Threatens Humankind The Most, 27 Raw Images Of When Punk Ruled New York, Join The All That's Interesting Weekly Dispatch. Caligula was born as Emperor Augustus lay dying. Remember that I have the right to do anything to anybody, hed remind people. After learning about Emperor Caligula, read about Hypatia of Alexandria, an ancient Greek intellectual killed for her beliefs. Rachel Seigel is an avid reader and book enthusiast with over 15 years of experience writing. Perhaps a loving family might have calmed the mercurial Caligula down a littlebut tragedy soon tore his new family apart. He holds dual bachelor's degrees from Pace University and a master's degree from New York University. Dressed in proper soldier attire with boots and armor, he earned the nickname . Gifts included flamingoes, peacocks, and other exotic animals that the Romans greatly admired. Caligula ( / kljl /; 31 August 12 - 24 January 41), formally known as Gaius (Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus), was the third Roman emperor, ruling from AD 37 until his assassination in AD 41. But in 19 A.D., however, Germanicus fell ill and died. A depiction of Caligulas mother, Agrippina, who was imprisoned and starved to death for accusing the reigning emperor Tiberius of murdering her husband, Germanicus. . HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. Caligula had been a total disaster of an emperorbut the Roman military still liked the idea of an empire. Cruel and tyrannicalEmperor Caligula ruled Ancient Rome through fear and terror. Thats what I love when Im at a show: to hear the jerk next to me sing instead of the trained professionals on stage. Maybe he felt like he couldnt live up to his name, or maybe he just hated attention being drawn away from him, but Caligula deeply resented his famous ancestors. He only survived to become emperor by chance, Dando-Collins concluded. The real name given to this notorious Emperor was Gaius Caesar Germanicus, from his parents Germanicus and Agrippa the Elder. The bridge, built on countless floating pontoons, allegedly stretched three miles across the Bay and featured several rest stops with drinking water along the way. Just like that. Which emperor was killed by his wife? These days, many historians reject the notion that Caligula terrorized Rome with his unbridled madness, talking to the moon, ordering arbitrary executions and trying to make his horse a consul. Caligula could be utterly monstrous in his dealings with humans, but that doesnt mean he disregarded all forms of life: He loved his horse Incitatus so much that he gave him his own house with a marble stall and manger made from ivory. Son of the great military hero Germanicus, the people had high hopes for their new, young Emperor. Most people know him from the infamous 1979 explicit film. New York Public LibraryA depiction of Caligulas mother, Agrippina, who was imprisoned and starved to death for accusing the reigning emperor Tiberius of murdering her husband, Germanicus. Rumors suggested that he talked to the moon at night and invited her to his bed. But their attempt was unsuccessful; he remains today one of the most studied and written about Emperors of all time. Instead, the reputation of the mad emperor could have been one fabricated by political rivals. Our credibility is the turbo-charged engine of our success. Reportedly, Caligula often mocked Chaerea for his feeble voice and called him derogatory names in public. The Senate attempted to use the disastrous end of Caligulas reign as a pretext to reestablish the Roman Republic, but Claudius, the heir designate, took the throne after gaining the support of the Praetorian Guard. How did he get the name of Caligula? He was nonetheless named sole emperor of Rome. He galloped back and forth across the bridge on his horse for two days straight, wearing a dazzling golden cape. In 2008, archaeologists managed to find the actual corridor in Caligulas palace where the killing took place. Caligula, known for his taste for opulent luxury and love of outlandish parties, had the "pleasure boats" equipped with artwork - including marble statues and mosaics, archeologists believe. Perhaps desperate to shut the narrative down, Tiberius banished Agrippina to prison on a remote island. Making distraction rewarding since 2017. For one thing, its important to remember that Caligulas real name was Gaius. The Roman people knew him as the emperor Gaius. One of them also died of starvation, and the other from suicide. What can we say, when it came to hedonism, Caligula was way ahead of his time. Remarkable men all aroundbut Caligula would soon prove that the apple can fall very, very far from the tree. Well never know what really happened on that dark day, but the result was clear: Caligula took the throne, and Rome trembled. Uncovered during the 1920s and 30s, they had mostly been destroyed during the Second World War, but a lead pipe was found bearing the inscription Property of Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus.. Married Four Times, Each Was Short Lived, 13. He named himself a god, dressed himself like a god, and built a temple to himselfmethinks the emperor doth protest too much. Large Amounts Of Money Were Spent On Vanity Projects, After raising taxes to pull in more money, Caligulas spending quickly became out of control. Caligulas first years in office were a wild ride, but nearly everything he did had one thing in common: they were expensive. Caligula treasured the steed so much that he gave it its own house with an ivory manger and a marble stall. He galloped back and forth across the bridge on his horse for two days straight, wearing a dazzling golden cape. Tiberius will named Caligula co-heir with his younger cousin Tiberius Gemellus, but the Senate rejected these provisions and gave complete imperial power to Caligula, who instead made Gemellus his heir. Caligula was now a teenager and is rumored to have engaged in ancestral relations with his sister Drusilla while the two lived with their grandmother. The young Caligula barely survived the fallout of his fathers demise. Historical accounts of Caligula may vary, but nearly all historians agreed on one dark fact: this deranged emperor placed very little value on human life. He retreated to his behaviors on Capri, and with that, the hedonistic ruler infamous today was born. The first to stab Caligula is said to have been Chaerea. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. Sometimes called pleasure barges, they were said to have marble dcor, mosaic floors, statues and there he held a succession of wild, debaucherous parties. With Augustus had come the beginning of a new Roman rule, one under a single leader, that also pushed Romes ruling elite somewhat into chaos. One was the Dagger, and the other the Sword. They contained the names of people whom he wanted to prosecute, imprison, or execute. So how did explorers finally find the ships that had been lost for almost two millennia? He was also said to speak to Jupiter directly, sometimes threatening him outright, and claimed that the spirit of the ocean spoke to him when he couldnt sleep. Claudius wasnt exactly the most able combatant, so his response to his nephews murder was to hide in a curtain. The Senate was eager to rid history of the man. When he first took power, Caligula hd the ashes of his mother and brother moved to the sacred tomb of his ancestors. Thanks for your help! It was rumoured that he planned to appoint his horse consul before he died. Based on historical reports, Caligula knew how to work a crowd. Ahh politics, making things as complicated as possible for thousands of years. As well as having criminals and slaves sacrificed before an audience for entertainment, he was said to have even fed a section of the crowd to the beasts because they were running low on criminals. Not at allhe simply said: Let them hate me, so long as they fear me.. Much to everyones surprise, Claudius, Caligulas much older Uncle, was called to take up the throne. Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (August 31, 12 - January 24, 41 C.E. Remembered as a cruel and erratic tyrant, his deranged tendencies threw Rome into chaosand eventually caused his violent end. According to the ancient historian Suetonius, the Roman emperor known as Caligula loved one of his horses, Incitatus, so much that he gave the steed a marble stall, an ivory manger, a jeweled collar and even a house. Both Gaius great-grandfather Augustus and father Germanicus were largely heralded and respected in their times, but his legacy would be a sadistic one. Readers might be familiar with the 1979 arthouse film Caligula, but the truth here is truly stranger than fiction. And his only ambition to that point must have been to survive.. The second lover was the Emperor's favorite, and also the best dancer of his time. Soon, everyone and everything irritated him. His ancestor, Emperor Nero, felt two ways about Caligulas spending habits: he admired how much Caligula managed to spendand was jealous he didnt inherit a nest egg that big. Caligula was fond of spending money, but not so good at making it. Did you know? Years later, I was using her phone when I made an utterly chilling discovery. Caligula allegedly carried two notebooks with him wherever he went. The future emperors famed history of incest is believed to have started during this time. He often bragged that he once carried a dagger into Emperor Tiberiuss bedroom with the intention of killing him, avenging his mother and brothers. Talk about being stuck between a rock and a hard place, the man took a moment to think of the right answerwhich was evidently not the right move. Agrippina often and openly expressed her dislike for her sons predecessor, Emperor Tiberius. The ruins of the house of Caligula as photographed in 1910. Rumour has it he even had statues beheaded, replacing their heads with his own. Accounts of Caligulas reign by ancient historians are so biased against him that the truth is almost impossible to disentangle. He lavished his fine steed with attention, giving him his own house with a marble stall and an ivory manger, and even openly expressed his plans to declare his horse a Roman consulate. Catherine of Aragon is now infamous as King Henry VIIIs rejected queenbut few people know her even darker history. When archaeologists began digging, they made a surprising discovery. But just how far Caligulas taste for extremism and excess goes is still hotly debated. But if his leadership skills were so abysmal, some scholars have argued, how did he wind up annexing new provinces, expanding westward and formulating a feasible plan to take over Britain? What is Caligula most famous for? When Germanicus died, Caligulas mother Agrippa firmly believed Tiberius was to blame. According to Suetonius, Caligula managed to blow 2.7 billion sesterces in just the first year of his reign. Roman Emperors: 16 Notorious Leaders That Defined Ancient Rome. According to Dando-Collins account, Caligula would have developed paranoia as part of bipolar disorder. 12. And so, when the respected general Germanicus brought his son Gaius on campaign, the tyke sported soldiers footwear, or caligae, scaled down to his size. By all accounts, Caligula wasnt a particularly formidable figure. One of them committed suicide and the other starved to death just as his mother did. He was sent to live with his great-grandmother Livia, who would soon die, leaving Caligula to the care of his grandmother Antonia. There are no real parallels between Richard Nixon and Caligula other than the fact that both were corrupted by power. When he went to actual performances, he also liked to sing along with actors. His biographer Suetonius quotes his oft-repeated phrase, Remember that I have the right to do anything to anybody. He tormented high-ranking senators by making them run for miles in front of his chariot. Tiberius, Augustus stepson, had little desire to become emperor. In 38 he executed Naevius Sutorius Macro, prefect of the Praetorian Guard, to whose support he owed his accession, and Tiberius Gemellus, grandson of Tiberius, whom he had supplanted in the succession. He made pretensions to divinity and showed extravagant affection for his sisters, especially for Drusilla, who on her death (in 38) was consecrated Diva Drusilla, the first woman in Rome to be so honoured. HISTORY.com works with a wide range of writers and editors to create accurate and informative content. His wives were Junia Claudilla, Livia Orestilla, Lollia Paulina and Milonia Caesonia. He would also reportedly force senators to run alongside his chariot dressed in their full robes. But in October of 37, a serious illness unhinged Caligula, leading him to spend the remainder of his reign exploring the worst aspects of his nature. Aside from the obvious political motivations, Chaerea had a personal vendetta against the emperor as well. Caligula seemed to be interested in anything that wasnt running the empire. According to Suetonius, on one of his parents' military campaigns, Caligula suffered from the falling sickness, the name for epilepsy1,3. The third of Romes emperors, Caligula (formally known as Gaius) achieved feats of waste and carnage during his four-year reign (A.D. 37-41) unmatched even by his infamous nephew Nero. Drusilla, Caligulas sister, is seated to the right of Felix, who is center. We strive for accuracy and fairness. Theres Nothing in the Rulebook That Says A Horse Cant Be Consul, Caligula could be utterly monstrous in his dealings with humans, but that doesnt mean he disregarded. As we mentioned, he liked to dress as Neptune and Jupiter, but that was just the beginning. Gaius and his three sisters survived. Tinto Brass 1979 film is a historical drama that some have relegated as cinematic erotica. His reign from 37-41 AD is filled with murder and debauchery, to levels even his infamous nephew Nero could not reach. Was Ancient Roman Emperor Caligula Actually The Insane, Sadistic Pervert Everyone Thinks? When he went to actual performances, he also liked to sing along with actors. One writer described him as the first emperor who everyone in the Empire lovedif only they had known what was coming. So, how did he justify this ridiculous excess? In 31 AD, he summoned Caligula to his pleasure island of Capri and adopted the boy. Caligula, born Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus in 12 AD, was the Emperor of Rome between 37 and 41 AD. As legend has it, he likened himself to an immortal God who could do anything to anyone, rampaging through Rome on an unstoppable streak of spending, adultery and murder. Born on the 31st of August 12 AD in Antium, modern day Anzio, Italy, Caligula was a member of the Julio Claudian dynasty; the first ruling family of the Roman Empire.His father was a popular Roman General while his mother was the granddaughter of Augustus Caesar. Well, he had a saying: You either had to be frugal, or be Caesar. Thankfully for him, he was the latter. He had an extensive collection of jewelry and a shoe collection that included many female shoes. According to contemporary accounts, Caligula, at least when he was young, was a gifted actor, and he managed to hide all of his dark feelings. Caligula effected the transfer of the last legion that had been under a senatorial proconsul (in Africa) to an imperial legate, thus completing the emperors monopoly of army command. He got the name "Caligula" as a nickname meaning "little boots," derived from the miniature uniform he wore as a child while on a campaign with his father, Germanicus. Desperate to take home a victory, he waged an imaginary war with his army on the mythological sea-god Neptune, ordering them to whip the waves, and to plunder the sea for shells as the spoils of war. As Caligula became more unhinged, the aging emperor commented, I am nursing a viper in Romes bosom He didnt even know the half of it. As Caligulas tyrannical reign flew wildly out of control, a secret plot was hatched to have him killed. He ordered the heads removed from statues of various gods all across Rome, and replaced them all with his own likeness. Updated: August 31, 2018 | Original: October 9, 2012. All of this sounds like totally normal behavior for the most powerful person on Earth. One of the wrecks included a lead pipe bearing the inscription Property of Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus. It is uncertain whether it was Allied or German troopswho cause the fire thatlargely destroyed the ships in 1944. But Caligulas death wasnt enough for those who were fed up with his reign. Julius Caesar was his great-great-grandfather, Augustus was his grandfather, and his father Germanicus was one of Romes most effective and popular generals. Caligula (12-41) was the third emperor of Rome. It could be that Gaius Caesar Germanicus was simultaneously treated like a prince while forced to remain on the island as Tiberius prisoner. Tiberius agreed, and Augustus diedcompletely unaware that his best-laid plans were about to go down in flames. Lazzaro Baldi (1624-1703). Wikimedia CommonsDrusilla, Caligulas sister, is seated to the right of Felix, who is center. Tiberius adopted Caligula and made him and his cousin Gemellus equal heirs to the empire. Though the former was 24 when he was anointed and the latter 70, the historian has observed several parallels in their behaviors. Two Pleasure Barges Were Built In Lake Nemi. Earlier chroniclers who actually lived under Caligula, namely Seneca and Philo, make no mention of this type of behavior despite their harsh criticism of the emperor. Female gladiators are often referred to in ancient texts as ludia (female performers in a ludi, a festival or entertainment) or as mulieres (women) but not often as feminae (ladies) suggesting to some scholars that only lower-class women were drawn to the arena. The reign of Augustus, the first emperor, was nearing its end when Caligula was born. However, evidence of the emperors extravagant lifestyle has surfaced at Lake Nemi, where workers salvaged two massive pleasure bargescomplete with marble dcor, mosaic floors and statuesin the late 1920s and early 1930s. On the day of Caligulas brutal end, the Senate and the Praetorian Guard pillaged and sank his fabulous Lake Nemi barges. He was then tossed into a shallow grave before his wife and daughter were treated to the same fate. The Roman emperor Caligula is best known today for his decadent, brutal - and scandalous - lifestyle. The Roman emperor Caligula Incitatus. The emperor decided to do the same himself, and embarked on incestuous relationships with all three of his sisters in the hope of perfectly preserving his royal blood. Caligulas father, Germanicus, was the nephew and adopted son of Emperor Tiberius. The story says that he couldnt return to Rome without a victory of some kind, so he declared war on Neptune and ordered his men to whip the waves. She has produced writing for a wide range of arts organizations including Tate Modern, The National Galleries of Scotland, Art Monthly, and Scottish Art News, with a focus on modern and contemporary art. In yet another of the famous stories about Caligulas megalomania, he once stood near a statue of Jupiter and asked a nearby actor who was more mightyhimself or the god. Gaius Caesar Germanicus was born in Antium (modern-day Anzio), Italy on August 31, 12 A.D. Caligula fell so ill that he teetered between life and death for a solid month. However, right across the Mediterranean in Egypt, people had spent millennia worshipping their rulers as divine. In the final years of his reign, Tiberius let Rome fall apart while he relaxed in his pleasure palace on Capri. If you think it seems strange that Tiberius would let Caligula live after killing almost his entire family, youre not the only one. Persichini. ), most commonly known as Caligula, was the third Roman Emperor and a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, ruling from 37 C.E. But Suetonius wrote The Lives of the Caesars in 121 A.D., 80 years after Caligula was assassinated at age 28 by members of the Praetorian Guard. While Caligula was still alive, he erected a temple dedicated to himself and placed a life-sized golden statue in his own image inside. Each day, he had the statue dressed in whatever he was wearing, and Romes wealthiest citizens would make offerings to the emperor there. Caligula insisted that every Roman take an official oath of allegiance, not just to himself, but also to his sisters (remember some of the rumors about ol Little Boots and his sisters?). Although Caligula got no further than the English Channel and was murdered soon after, his preparations for the invasion would allow Claudius to begin Romes successful conquest of Britain in 43 A.D. To procure the revenues needed to finance his extravagances, he then resorted to the extortion of prominent Roman citizens and the confiscation of their estates.

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